I. Introduction to Bootstrap
Bootstrap is a **powerful framework** designed to simplify the process of front-end web development. By providing a plethora of pre-designed components, styles, and grid systems, it allows developers to create responsive, mobile-first websites quickly and efficiently. In this overview, we will explore what Bootstrap is, its advantages, and how to get started with it.
A. What is Bootstrap?
Bootstrap is an open-source front-end development framework created by Twitter. It consists of CSS and JavaScript components that facilitate responsive design and mobile-first web application development.
B. Why Use Bootstrap?
- Responsive Design: Automatically adjusts to different screen sizes, making websites look great on any device.
- Pre-designed Components: Provides ready-to-use components like buttons, forms, and grids, reducing development time.
- Customizable: Easily customized to suit your project’s needs.
- Responsive Utilities: Includes classes to handle visibility based on screen size.
- Robust Community: Backed by extensive documentation and a large community for support.
II. Getting Started
A. Downloading Bootstrap
To use Bootstrap in your project, you can either download the framework or use a Content Delivery Network (CDN).
Here’s how to download Bootstrap:
1. Go to the Bootstrap official website.
2. Choose the version you want to download (CSS, JS, and optional source files).
3. Extract the downloaded files to your project folder.B. Using Bootstrap CDN
An alternative to downloading Bootstrap is to link to a CDN. Here’s how:
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.slim.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@popperjs/core@2.0.7/dist/umd/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>III. Bootstrap Layout
A. Grid System
The Bootstrap grid system allows for a flexible layout using a series of containers, rows, and columns.
1. Containers
Containers are used to create a responsive fixed width or full-width layout.
<div class="container">
Content here
</div>2. Rows
Rows are used to create horizontal groups of columns. Columns will automatically stack vertically on smaller devices.
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-4">Column 1</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">Column 2</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">Column 3</div>
</div>3. Columns
Columns can be defined using classes, indicating how much space they should occupy within a row.
| Screen Size | Column Classes | Example Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Extra Small | col-xs-* | col-xs-12 |
| Small | col-sm-* | col-sm-6 |
| Medium | col-md-* | col-md-4 |
| Large | col-lg-* | col-lg-3 |
B. Responsive Utilities
Bootstrap includes a variety of utility classes to show or hide content based on the screen size.
<div class="d-none d-sm-block">
This is visible on small and larger screens.
</div>IV. Bootstrap Components
Bootstrap comes with a wide range of pre-styled components you can use to build your interface. Here’s an overview of key components:
A. Alerts
<div class="alert alert-primary">This is a primary alert</div>B. Badges
<span class="badge badge-secondary">New</span>C. Breadcrumbs
<nav aria-label="breadcrumb">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li class="breadcrumb-item">Home</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page">Library</li>
</ol>
</nav>D. Buttons
<button type="button" class="btn btn-success">Success</button>E. Card
<div class="card" style="width: 18rem;">
<div class="card-body">
<h5 class="card-title">Card title</h5>
<p class="card-text">Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.</p>
<a href="#" class="btn btn-primary">Go somewhere</a>
</div>
</div>F. Carousel
<div id="carouselExample" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel">
<div class="carousel-inner">
<div class="carousel-item active">
<img src="..." class="d-block w-100" alt="...">
</div>
</div>
<button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExample" data-bs-slide="prev">
<span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span>
</button>
<button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselExample" data-bs-slide="next">
<span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="visually-hidden">Next</span>
</button>
</div>G. Collapse
<button class="btn btn-primary" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#demo">Toggle Collapse</button>
<div id="demo" class="collapse">This is a collapsible element.</div>H. Dropdowns
<div class="dropdown">
<button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" type="button" id="dropdownMenuButton" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
Dropdown button
</button>
<div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton">
<a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Action</a>
</div>
</div>I. Forms
<form>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">Email address</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail1" aria-describedby="emailHelp">
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>
</form>J. Input Groups
<div class="input-group mb-3">
<div class="input-group-prepend">
<span class="input-group-text">$</span>
</div>
<input type="text" class="form-control" aria-label="Amount (to the nearest dollar)">
<div class="input-group-append">
<span class="input-group-text">.00</span>
</div>
</div>K. Jumbotron
<div class="jumbotron">
<h1 class="display-4">Hello, world!</h1>
<p class="lead">This is a simple hero unit, a simple jumbotron-style component for calling extra attention to featured content or information.</p>
<hr class="my-4">
<p>It uses utility classes for typography and spacing to space content out within the larger container.</p>
<a class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" href="#" role="button">Learn more</a>
</div>L. List Group
<ul class="list-group">
<li class="list-group-item">Cras justo odio</li>
<li class="list-group-item">Dapibus ac facilisis </li>
<li class="list-group-item">Morbi leo risus</li>
</ul>M. Modal
<div class="modal fade" id="exampleModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title">Modal title</h5>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<p>Modal body text goes here.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save changes</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>N. Navbar
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="#">Navbar</a>
<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false">
<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
<ul class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item active">
<a class="nav-link" href="#">Active link</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>O. Pagination
<nav>
<ul class="pagination">
<li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="#">1</a></li>
<li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="#">2</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>P. Popovers
<button type="button" class="btn btn-lg btn-danger" data-toggle="popover" title="Popover title" data-content="Some content inside the popover">Popover</button>Q. Progress Bars
<div class="progress">
<div class="progress-bar" role="progressbar" style="width: 75%;" aria-valuenow="75" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">75%</div>
</div>R. Spinners
<div class="spinner-border" role="status">
<span class="sr-only">Loading...</span>
</div>S. Tables
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr><th>#</th><th>First</th><th>Last</th><th>Handle</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>Mark</td><td>Otto</td><td>@mdo</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>T. Tooltips
<button type="button" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Tooltip on top">Tooltip</button>V. Bootstrap JavaScript
A. Overview of JavaScript Components
Bootstrap also provides JavaScript components that enhance user interaction, such as modals, dropdowns, carousels, and more.
B. Including Bootstrap JavaScript
To include Bootstrap’s JavaScript in your project, remember to load jQuery and Popper.js before Bootstrap’s JavaScript. Here’s how it can be included:
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.slim.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@popperjs/core@2.0.7/dist/umd/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>VI. Bootstrap Examples
A. Starter Template
Here’s a basic starter template using Bootstrap:
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>Bootstrap Starter Template</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">Hello, Bootstrap!</div>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.slim.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@popperjs/core@2.0.7/dist/umd/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>B. Examples of Components
To give a practical insight, let’s create an example of a simple webpage that uses several Bootstrap components:
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<link href="
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