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On: September 29, 2024 Posted in C

C Math Function Reference

C Math Function Reference

The C programming language provides a robust set of mathematical functions that are integral to many applications, from simple calculations to complex scientific computations. These functions allow developers to perform various arithmetic operations, manage trigonometric equations, and achieve logarithmic transformations with ease. In this article, we will explore the different categories of math functions available in C, their usage examples, and why understanding these functions is crucial for programming in C.

I. Introduction

A. Overview of C Math Functions

C offers a library of math functions that are defined in the math.h header file. These functions include a wide range of operations—from basic arithmetic to advanced scientific calculations. They help optimize code and enhance its functionality, making them an essential part of C programming.

B. Importance of Math Functions in C Programming

The significance of math functions in C cannot be overstated. Programmers rely on these functions to streamline calculations, reduce the likelihood of errors in math-heavy applications, and facilitate complex mathematical problem-solving. Knowledge of these functions provides a toolkit for both novice and experienced developers to perform operations effectively.

II. Math Functions

A. Standard Math Functions

The standard math functions in C allow performing basic arithmetic operations.

Function Description Example
abs(int x) Returns the absolute value of integer x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%d\n", abs(-10)); // Output: 10
    return 0;
}
fabs(double x) Returns the absolute value of a floating-point number x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", fabs(-10.5)); // Output: 10.50
    return 0;
}
sqrt(double x) Returns the square root of x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", sqrt(25.0)); // Output: 5.00
    return 0;
}
pow(double base, double exponent) Returns base raised to the power of exponent. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", pow(2.0, 3.0)); // Output: 8.00
    return 0;
}
ceil(double x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", ceil(5.1)); // Output: 6.00
    return 0;
}
floor(double x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", floor(5.9)); // Output: 5.00
    return 0;
}
fmod(double x, double y) Returns the remainder of x divided by y. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", fmod(5.3, 2.0)); // Output: 1.30
    return 0;
}

B. Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric functions are used to compute angles and distances.

Function Description Example
sin(double angle) Returns the sine of the angle (in radians). 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", sin(M_PI/2)); // Output: 1.00
    return 0;
}
cos(double angle) Returns the cosine of the angle (in radians). 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", cos(M_PI)); // Output: -1.00
    return 0;
}
tan(double angle) Returns the tangent of the angle (in radians). 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", tan(M_PI/4)); // Output: 1.00
    return 0;
}
asin(double x) Returns the arcsine of x (in radians). 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", asin(1.0)); // Output: 1.57
    return 0;
}
acos(double x) Returns the arccosine of x (in radians). 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", acos(-1.0)); // Output: 3.14
    return 0;
}
atan(double x) Returns the arctangent of x (in radians). 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", atan(1.0)); // Output: 0.79
    return 0;
}
atan2(double y, double x) Returns the arctangent of the two variables y and x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", atan2(1.0, 1.0)); // Output: 0.79
    return 0;
}

C. Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic functions are analogs of trigonometric functions but for hyperbolas.

Function Description Example
sinh(double x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", sinh(0.0)); // Output: 0.00
    return 0;
}
cosh(double x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", cosh(0.0)); // Output: 1.00
    return 0;
}
tanh(double x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", tanh(0.0)); // Output: 0.00
    return 0;
}

D. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Exponential and logarithmic functions enable growth calculations and logarithmic transformations.

Function Description Example
exp(double x) Returns e raised to the power of x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", exp(1.0)); // Output: 2.72
    return 0;
}
log(double x) Returns the natural logarithm of x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", log(2.718281828459)); // Output: 1.00
    return 0;
}
log10(double x) Returns the base 10 logarithm of x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", log10(100.0)); // Output: 2.00
    return 0;
}

E. Miscellaneous Functions

This section includes additional useful math functions.

Function Description Example
round(double x) Rounds x to the nearest integer. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.0f\n", round(2.5)); // Output: 3
    return 0;
}
trunc(double x) Truncates x to an integer. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.0f\n", trunc(3.99)); // Output: 3
    return 0;
}
nearbyint(double x) Returns the nearest integer value to x, without raising an exception. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.0f\n", nearbyint(5.7)); // Output: 6
    return 0;
}
nextafter(double x, double y) Returns the next representable value after x in the direction of y. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.10f\n", nextafter(1.0, 2.0)); // Output: 1.0000000001
    return 0;
}
nexttoward(double x, double y) Similar to nextafter but uses long double types. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.10f\n", nexttoward(1.0, 2.0)); // Output: 1.0000000001
    return 0;
}
remainder(double x, double y) Returns the remainder of floating-point division. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", remainder(5.3, 2.0)); // Output: 1.30
    return 0;
}
lround(double x) Returns the nearest integer to x, rounded to the nearest integer. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%ld\n", lround(2.5)); // Output: 3
    return 0;
}
llround(double x) Returns the nearest long long integer to x. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%lld\n", llround(2.5)); // Output: 3
    return 0;
}
fma(double x, double y, double z) Returns x * y + z, correctly rounded. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", fma(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)); // Output: 5.00
    return 0;
}
frexp(double x, int *exp) Decomposes x into a normalized fraction and an exponent. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    int exp;
    double frac = frexp(8.0, &exp);
    printf("Fraction: %.2f, Exponent: %d\n", frac, exp); // Output: Fraction: 0.50, Exponent: 4
    return 0;
}
modf(double x, double *iptr) Decomposes x into an integral and fractional part. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    double intpart;
    double fracpart = modf(5.5, &intpart);
    printf("Integer part: %.0f, Fractional part: %.1f\n", intpart, fracpart); // Output: Integer part: 5, Fractional part: 0.5
    return 0;
}
ldexp(double x, int exp) Computes x * (2 raised to the power exp). 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", ldexp(1.0, 3)); // Output: 8.00
    return 0;
}
nan(const char *tagp) Returns a representation of a “not a number” value. 
#include 
#include 

int main() {
    printf("%.2f\n", nan("")); // Output: nan
    return 0;
}
fmax(double x, double y) Returns the larger of x and y. 
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